Non-Medical Prescription Opioid & Heroin Use among Adolescents Who Engage in Sports

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: Previous research has found that adolescent athletes may be at increased risk of non-medical prescription opioid use (NPOU) due to injuries. Although adolescent athletes are at an increased risk of engaging in NPOU, it has yet to be determined if they are also at greater risk for heroin use. The major purpose of this study was to examine both the trends in prevalence rates and patterns of initiation in lifetime NPOU and lifetime heroin use among adolescents who engage in sports and exercise.

METHODS: Eighteen cross-sections of 8th and 10th graders were used from the Monitoring
the Future study. The sample consisted of 191,682 respondents who answered questions
on past-year participation in sports and exercise, lifetime NPOU, lifetime heroin use, age of
NPOU onset, and age of heroin onset.

RESULTS: The trends in NPOU and lifetime heroin use among adolescents who engage in
sports and exercise has declined between 1997 and 2014. Logistic regression analyses
found that adolescents who engage in sports and exercise had lower odds of reporting
lifetime NPOU and heroin use compared with adolescents who did not engage in these
activities during the past year. Analyses among lifetime heroin users found that adolescents
who engage in sports and exercise had lower odds of initiating NPOU before heroin when
compared with their peers who did not engage in these activities in the past year.

CONCLUSIONS: Daily participation in sports and exercise may serve as a protective factor with respect to NPOU and heroin use.